棉花学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (2): 137-150.doi: 10.11963/cs20200037
卢合全(),唐薇*(
),张冬梅,罗振,孔祥强,李振怀,徐士振,代建龙,李维江,辛承松*(
)
收稿日期:
2020-05-04
出版日期:
2022-03-15
发布日期:
2022-07-19
通讯作者:
唐薇 tangweijn@163.com; 辛承松 xin5306@126.com
作者简介:
卢合全(1978―),男,硕士,副研究员, 基金资助:
Lu Hequan(), Tang Wei*(
), Zhang Dongmei, Luo Zhen, Kong Xiangqiang, Li Zhenhuai, Xu Shizhen, Dai Jianlong, Li Weijiang, Xin Chengsong*(
)
Received:
2020-05-04
Online:
2022-03-15
Published:
2022-07-19
Contact:
Tang Wei tangweijn@163.com; Xin Chengsong xin5306@126.com
摘要:
【目的】 探明化肥减施和秸秆还田对土壤肥力、棉花养分吸收利用及产量的影响。【方法】 2016―2018年安排大田定位试验,设置6个处理:化肥常规用量(NPK)、秸秆还田(S)、化肥常规用量加秸秆还田(NPKS)、化肥常规用量减施25%加秸秆还田(0.75NPKS)、缓控释肥常规用量加秸秆还田(CRFS)和缓控释肥常规用量减施25%加秸秆还田(0.75CRFS),以NPK作对照。【结果】 连续3年试验,与NPK比较,NPKS和CRFS的土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均逐年增加;0.75NPKS和0.75CRFS的土壤有机质含量逐年增加,土壤有效磷含量逐年减少,而土壤碱解氮、速效钾与NPK差异不显著。NPKS、CRFS、0.75NPKS和0.75CRFS的植株氮、磷吸收量和表观利用率逐年增加,其中2018年磷吸收量较NPK分别增加6.17%、8.01%、8.88%和7.94%,差异显著,而3年试验中4个秸秆还田处理的钾吸收量与NPK处理差异均不显著。始絮期NPKS和CRFS的主茎倒二叶SPAD值和净光合速率呈现逐年增加趋势,0.75NPKS、0.75CRFS的主茎倒二叶SPAD值和净光合速率与NPK差异不显著。3年内,NPKS、CRFS的籽棉产量较NPK有所提高但差异不显著,0.75NPKS、0.75CRFS籽棉产量较NPK略低,但差异不显著。连续3年试验,NPKS、0.75NPKS、CRFS和0.75CRFS处理的单位面积铃数、铃重和衣分与NPK均无显著差异。【结论】 3年内化肥减施25%配合秸秆还田能够提高化肥表观利用率且棉花不减产,为避免长期减施化肥导致土壤有效磷含量下降,须适当补充磷肥。
卢合全, 唐薇, 张冬梅, 罗振, 孔祥强, 李振怀, 徐士振, 代建龙, 李维江, 辛承松. 化肥减施和秸秆还田对土壤肥力、棉花养分吸收利用及产量的影响[J]. 棉花学报, 2022, 34(2): 137-150.
Lu Hequan, Tang Wei, Zhang Dongmei, Luo Zhen, Kong Xiangqiang, Li Zhenhuai, Xu Shizhen, Dai Jianlong, Li Weijiang, Xin Chengsong. Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction and stalk returning on soil nutrients content, nutrient absorption and yield of cotton[J]. Cotton Science, 2022, 34(2): 137-150.
表1
试验处理及其施肥方式"
处理 Treatment | 施肥方式及用量Amount and methods of fertilizer application/(kg·hm-2) | ||
---|---|---|---|
还田秸秆 Stalk returning | 基肥 Basal fertilizer | 追肥 Topdressing | |
NPK | 0 | 尿素:67.80、复合肥:442.50、硫酸钾:54.90 Urea: 67.80, compound fertilizer: 442.50, K2SO4: 54.90 | 尿素:332.55、硫酸钾:162.00 Urea: 332.55, K2SO4: 162.00 |
S | 3 000 | 0 | 0 |
NPKS | 3 000 | 尿素:67.80、复合肥:442.50、硫酸钾:54.90 Urea: 67.80, compound fertilizer: 442.50, K2SO4: 54.90 | 尿素:332.55、硫酸钾:162.00 Urea: 332.55, K2SO4: 162.00 |
0.75NPKS | 3 000 | 尿素:50.85、复合肥:331.88、硫酸钾:41.18 Urea: 50.85, compound fertilizer: 331.88, K2SO4: 41.18 | 尿素:249.41、硫酸钾:121.50 Urea: 249.41, K2SO4: 121.50 |
CRFS | 3 000 | 缓控释肥:399.00、尿素:342.75、硫酸钾:203.10 Controlled-release fertilizer: 399.00, urea: 342.75, K2SO4: 203.10 | 0 |
0.75CRFS | 3 000 | 缓控释肥:299.25、尿素:257.06、硫酸钾:152.32 Controlled-release fertilizer: 299.25, urea: 257.06, K2SO4: 152.32 | 0 |
表2
化肥减施和秸秆还田对棉田0~20 cm土层土壤养分含量的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 有机质 Organic matter/ (g·kg -1) | 碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolyzable N/(mg·kg-1) | 有效磷 Available P/ (mg·kg-1) | 速效钾 Available K/ (mg·kg-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | NPK | 11.03±0.18 a | 43.55±1.71 a | 28.61±1.56 a | 121.11±5.88 a |
S | 11.23±0.16 a | 40.00±2.55 b | 27.71±1.44 a | 115.00±7.80 b | |
NPKS | 11.42±0.15 a | 44.22±2.32 a | 28.99±2.25 a | 125.06±7.74 a | |
0.75NPKS | 11.40±0.11 a | 43.27±1.91 ab | 27.71±1.31 a | 116.18±6.44 b | |
CRFS | 11.55±0.31 a | 44.40±3.30 a | 29.03±1.76 a | 125.10±7.47 a | |
0.75CRFS | 11.52±0.24 a | 43.42±1.55 a | 27.64±1.10 a | 118.33±3.77 b | |
2017 | NPK | 10.86±0.21 b | 43.93±1.82 b | 28.72±1.14 ab | 120.30±6.09 b |
S | 11.41±0.20 ab | 33.00±1.25 c | 26.03±1.74 c | 108.20±6.20 c | |
NPKS | 11.71±0.22 a | 47.12±3.21 a | 29.08±2.02 a | 131.44±4.92 a | |
0.75NPKS | 11.74±0.17 a | 42.95±2.11 b | 27.50±1.17 b | 120.42±5.75 b | |
CRFS | 11.91±0.31 a | 47.23±2.55 a | 29.13±2.05 a | 131.32±8.89 a | |
0.75CRFS | 11.90±0.20 a | 43.91±1.89 b | 27.44±1.88 b | 121.15±6.44 b | |
2018 | NPK | 10.65±0.25 c | 44.35±1.73 b | 28.77±1.41 ab | 122.41±2.55 b |
S | 11.88±0.28 b | 24.00±1.45 c | 24.01±1.24 c | 105.00±7.20 c | |
NPKS | 12.48±0.35 a | 52.12±2.66 a | 29.10±2.22 a | 138.07±7.73 a | |
0.75NPKS | 12.46±0.19 a | 43.40±1.57 b | 27.35±1.78 b | 121.81±4.66 b | |
CRFS | 12.53±0.31 a | 53.68±2.44 a | 29.17±3.01 a | 139.03±8.76 a | |
0.75CRFS | 12.49±0.18 a | 43.56±1.88 b | 27.26±1.73 b | 123.03±6.33 b |
表3
化肥减施和秸秆还田对棉花氮、磷和钾吸收的影响"
处理 Treatment | 氮吸收量 N absorption/(kg·hm-2) | 磷吸收量 P absorption/(kg·hm-2) | 钾吸收量K absorption /(kg·hm-2) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |||
NPK | 207.00 a | 206.79 a | 206.91 b | 73.25 a | 73.17 a | 72.15 b | 159.25 a | 159.07 a | 158.85 a | ||
S | 188.90 b | 176.88 b | 158.46 c | 63.31 b | 57.99 b | 52.45 c | 139.62 b | 126.07 b | 118.81 b | ||
NPKS | 212.12 a | 213.62 a | 216.49 a | 75.06 a | 75.59 a | 76.60 a | 163.17 a | 163.32 a | 160.52 a | ||
0.75NPKS | 211.10 a | 211.82 a | 212.02 ab | 74.70 a | 74.95 a | 78.56 a | 162.39 a | 162.94 a | 160.78 a | ||
CRFS | 211.55 a | 213.37 a | 218.71 a | 74.85 a | 76.91 a | 77.93 a | 162.73 a | 166.21 a | 163.93 a | ||
0.75CRFS | 210.75 a | 216.02 a | 217.57 a | 74.57 a | 76.44 a | 77.88 a | 162.12 a | 166.17 a | 162.03 a |
表4
化肥减施和秸秆还田对棉花氮、磷、钾表观利用率的影响"
处理 Treatment | REN/% | REP/% | REK/% | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |||
NPK | 7.10 c | 11.73 d | 19.00 e | 10.21 d | 15.59 d | 20.24 e | 14.54 e | 24.44 e | 29.66 d | ||
NPKS | 9.11 b | 14.41 c | 22.76 d | 12.07 c | 18.08 c | 24.81 d | 17.44 d | 27.59 d | 30.90 d | ||
0.75NPKS | 11.61 a | 18.27 b | 28.01 b | 15.60 b | 23.23 b | 35.76 b | 22.49 b | 36.41 b | 41.45 b | ||
CRFS | 9.87 b | 15.90 c | 26.25 c | 13.15 c | 21.56 b | 29.03 c | 19.02 c | 33.04 c | 37.14 c | ||
0.75CRFS | 12.69 a | 22.74 a | 34.34 a | 17.10 a | 28.02 a | 38.62 a | 24.69 a | 44.00 a | 47.43 a |
表5
化肥减施和秸秆还田对始絮期棉花叶绿素含量和净光合速率的影响"
处理 Treatment | SPAD值 SPAD value | 净光合速率Pn /(μmol·m-2·s-1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | ||
NPK | 55.3±2.2 a | 55.3±1.5 a | 55.5±1.8 b | 27.7±1.2 b | 27.9±1.3 b | 28.0±0.9 b | |
S | 52.8±1.3 b | 50.6±1.4 b | 46.8±2.0 c | 27.0±1.4 b | 25.8±1.3 c | 23.1±1.1 c | |
NPKS | 56.6±1.8 a | 57.9±1.4 a | 58.4±1.7 a | 30.2±1.4 a | 30.2±1.5 a | 30.6±1.7 a | |
0.75NPKS | 55.5±1.3 a | 55.7±1.8 a | 55.7±1.6 b | 27.7±1.3 b | 28.2±1.8 b | 28.4±1.4 b | |
CRFS | 57.0±2.1 a | 57.5±2.0 a | 58.5±1.7 a | 30.7±1.8 a | 30.9±1.4 a | 31.0±1.5 a | |
0.75CRFS | 55.3±1.7 a | 55.6±2.2 a | 55.9±1.9 b | 27.9±2.1 b | 28.1±1.9 b | 28.6±1.9 b |
表6
化肥减施和秸秆还田对棉花产量和产量构成的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 籽棉产量 Seed cotton yield/(kg·hm-2) | 单位面积铃数 Boll number per m2 | 铃重 Boll weight/g | 衣分 Lint percentage/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | NPK | 4 061.27±22.22 a | 68.2±4.6 a | 5.94±0.20 a | 40.02±2.03 a |
S | 3 466.57±25.31 b | 61.9±5.2 b | 5.60±0.50 b | 39.70±1.50 a | |
NPKS | 4 079.39±36.07 a | 68.1±4.8 a | 5.99±0.41 a | 40.00±1.12 a | |
0.75NPKS | 4 059.80±29.88 a | 68.0±4.2 a | 5.97±0.20 a | 40.00±1.50 a | |
CRFS | 4 088.10±25.00 a | 68.2±5.0 a | 5.95±0.11 a | 40.10±1.80 a | |
0.75CRFS | 4 053.00±29.36 a | 68.0±5.6 a | 5.96±0.30 a | 40.00±2.03 a | |
2017 | NPK | 4 100.80±25.43 a | 68.2±6.2 a | 6.01±0.40 a | 40.02±1.60 a |
S | 3 151.66±20.66 b | 57.3±6.0 b | 5.50±0.31 b | 40.00±1.80 a | |
NPKS | 4 105.04±38.63 a | 68.3±4.9 a | 6.01±0.32 a | 40.03±1.56 a | |
0.75NPKS | 4 073.40±36.74 a | 68.0±5.1 a | 5.99±0.20 a | 40.00±2.00 a | |
CRFS | 4 180.17±40.55 a | 68.3±6.0 a | 6.12±0.13 a | 40.00±1.88 a | |
0.75CRFS | 4 084.31±35.18 a | 68.1±5.8 a | 5.99±0.20 a | 40.00±1.64 a | |
2018 | NPK | 4 022.36±26.54 a | 66.3±5.4 a | 6.07±0.31 a | 40.00±1.74 a |
S | 2 495.28±22.55 b | 47.8±5.0 b | 5.22±0.21 b | 39.60±2.04 a | |
NPKS | 4 092.85±36.21 a | 68.8±4.8 a | 6.09±0.32 a | 40.10±1.24 a | |
0.75NPKS | 3 985.25±34.50 a | 66.8±7.0 a | 5.97±0.20 a | 40.10±1.40 a | |
CRFS | 4 070.21±40.22 a | 68.5±6.3 a | 6.10±0.32 a | 41.20±2.05 a | |
0.75CRFS | 4 008.51±38.96 a | 67.0±5.7 a | 6.10±0.30 a | 40.10±1.30 a |
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