Cotton Science

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Effects of spent mushroom substrate on cotton Verticillium wilt and the cotton rhizosphere microbiome

Qu Yuanhang, Liu Tiancong, Lu Xiuyun, Li Shezeng, Guo Qinggang, Ma Ping

Cotton Science, 2023, 35(4): 274-287. DOI: 10.11963/cs20220039

Fig. 1 Effect of 2% spent mushroom substrate (SMS) treatment on control effect (A) and disease index (B) of cotton Verticillium wilt CK: blank control. Four asterisks represent extremely significant differences at the 0.001 probability level between treatments (P < 0.001).

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Table 1 Effects of spent mushroom substrate treatment on microsclerotia formation and mycelium growth of V. dahliae
Fig. 2 Effect of 2% spent mushroom substrate (SMS) treatment on WX-1 population in the cotton rhizosphere CK: blank control. Four asterisks represent extremely significant differences at the 0.001 probability level between treatments (P < 0.001).
Table 2 Statistics of rhizosphere soil genomic DNA sequencing data
Fig. 3 PCoA of bacterial (A) and fungal (B) community at OTU level CK: blank control; SMS: spent mushroom substrate treatment.
Fig. 4 Cotton rhizosphere bacterial (A) and fungal (B) community composition on Phylum level CK: blank control; SMS: spent mushroom substrate treatment.
Table 3 Bacterial and fungal taxa with relative abundance above 1% of rhizosphere soil
Fig. 5 Difference analysis at genus level of cotton rhizosphere bacteria (A) and fungi (B) Green represents blank control, and red represents spent mushroom substrate (SMS) treatment. The asterisk indicates a significant difference, one represents P < 0.05, two represents P < 0.01, three represents P < 0.001. The red circle represents the genus enriched in the SMS, and the green circle represents the genus enriched in the blank control.
Fig. 6 Rhizosphere microbial co-occurrence networks under different treatments Rhizosphere bacterial co-occurrence networks: blank control (A), spent mushroom substrate (SMS) (B) treatments; rhizosphere fungal co-occurrence networks: blank control (C), SMS (D) treatments. Network nodes are colored by the phylum, node size is proportional to the number of connections (degree), and the thickness of each connection (edge) between two nodes is proportional to the correlation coefficient value, with red edges representing positive correlation and green edges representing negative correlation.
Table 4 Topology properties of the co-occurrence networks
Fig. 7 Principal co-ordinates analysis of KEGG pathway CK: blank control; SMS: spent mushroom substrate treatment.
Fig. 8 KEGG pathway analysis of rhizosphere microbiome functional gene Green represents blank control, and red represents spent mushroom substrate (SMS) treatment. The asterisk indicates a significant difference, one represents P < 0.05, two represents P < 0.01, three represents P < 0.001. The red circle represents the pathway enriched in the SMS, and the green circle represents the pathway enriched in the blank control.
Table 5 Effect of SMS on cotton Verticillium wilt and yield

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