15 May 2015, Volume 27 Issue 3

    

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  Cloning and Expression Analysis of GhSIZ1, Encoding a C2H2 Zinc Finger Protein in Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)

  Zhang Xinyu, Lin Shudai, Zhang Tao, Pei Liuling, Tang Qing, Liu Feng, Liu Yongchang

  Cotton Science. 2015, 27(3): 189-197. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201503001

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  In this study, a novel gene encoding C2H2-type zinc finger protein was cloned in cotton by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The gene was designated as GhSIZ1 (Stress-induced Zinc finger protein1). GhSIZ1 encoded a protein of 239 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 26.6205 kD and an isoelectric point of 6.52. It has a C2H2-type zinc finger domain, an L-box at the N terminus and a putative transcription repression domain(EAR/DLN-box) at the C-terminus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GhSIZ1 shares high identity with C2H2-type zinc finger proteins from Theobroma cacao(XP_007044496.1) and Coffea canephora(CDP00218.1). Real-time PCR analysis showed that the transcripts of GhSIZ1 were detected in all tissues: roots, stems, flowers, leaves and fibers. The highest level was found in roots. The expression was induced by cold, salt or drought treatments. Subcellular localization analysis manifested that GhSIZ1 was distributed in the nucleus. Our results suggest that GhSIZ1 may play an important role in the response of cotton to cold, salt or drought.
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  Comparative Analysis on Drought and Salt Resistance and Breeding Value in Transgenic MvNHX1 and MvP5CS Cotton

  You Zhao, Chao Zhaoxia, Yao Zhengpei, Ren Yanping, Chen Quanjia, Qu Yanying, Zhang Hua

  Cotton Science. 2015, 27(3): 198-207. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201503002

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  We studied 10 transgenic lines of MvNHX1 and three transgenic lines of MvP5CS, all of which were the T7 generations obtained from the way of pollen tube channel. The non-transgenic cotton D5 was used as a control, and the study took place in a greenhouse and in the field. Under conditions of drought and salt stress in the greenhouse, we measured the germination rate, chlorophyll content, proline content and MDA content of the MvNHX1 transgenic lines, the MvP5CS transgenic lines and the D5 control. We found that the chlorophyll and proline content of transgenic lines were higher than the control and the MDA content was lower. Under conditions of drought stress in the florescence in the field, we found that branches, the effective branches, bolls, the effective bolls, the boll weight and the lint of the two transgenic lines exceeded the control. Consequently, the productivity of transgenic cotton was found to be higher during drought stress. Furthermore, elongation at break, short fiber content, micronaire and spinning consistency index of the two transgenic lines were higher than in the D5 control. The results of the two transgenic lines showed that the MvNHX1 lines had advantages in terms of salt tolerance and that the MvP5CS lines were superior in drought tolerance.
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  Physiological Salinity Tolerance Mechanism for Transport of K⁺ and Na⁺ Ions in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Seedlings under Salt Stress

  Wang Ning, Yang Jie, Huang Qun, Su Guilan, Zhou Hong, Xu Qinghua, Dong Helin, Yan Gentu

  Cotton Science. 2015, 27(3): 208-215. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201503003

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  Salinity stress is one of the major abiotic factors affecting the growth and productivity of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.). To further understand the possible mechanism of salt tolerance, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of salt stress on growth and K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis of cotton seedlings using three cultivars(CCRI 49, CCRI 35 and Zhong 51504). We found that 150 mmol·L^－1 NaCl treatment significantly decreased biomass accumulation, photosynthesis rate(P_n), photochemical quenching(qP), photochemical quantum yield of photosystem (Φ_PSII) and electron transport rate(ETR), but significantly increased non-photochemical quenching coefficients(qN) in PSII. The biomass accumulation of Zhong 51504 was less affected by salt stress than CCRI 49 or CCRI 35, and Zhong 51504 also retained higher P_n, ΦP_SII, ETR and qN but lower ETR/P_n under saline conditions. Compared with the control, the salinity treatment caused a significant rise in Na⁺ concentration and decreased K⁺ concentration. The limited negative impact in Zhong 51504 derived from the lower content of Na⁺ and higher K⁺ in the tissues under salt stress. As expected, Zhong 51504 also retained a higher Na⁺/K⁺ ratio than other cultivars under salt treatment. Experiments of salt shock and long exposure to salt tested by the non-invasive ion flux measuring technique also revealed that Zhong 51504 not only had higher Na⁺ exclusion but also showed better K⁺ retention. Our results indicated that maintaining the K^+/Na⁺ homeostasis can contribute to genotypic differences in salinity tolerance under conditions of high salinity.
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  Effects of Cultivars and Planting Density on Yield Components and Seed Characteristics in Cotton

  Zhi Xiaoyu, Mao Shuchun, Han Yingchun, Li Yabing, Du Wenli, Li Xiaoxin, Wang Guoping, Fan Zhengyi, Yang Beifang, Feng Lu

  Cotton Science. 2015, 27(3): 216-222. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201503004

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  Two cultivars-a hybrid cultivar (CCRI 75) and conventional cotton (SCRC 28)-were used for field experiments in 2012 and 2013. This study was designed to determine how cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield components at the canopy, per plant and within-boll levels were affected by planting density. As our result show, lint yield was significantly affected by planting density, which can be occurred in the plant and even within the boll. Lint yield was significantly higher when 10,000 plants·hm－2 were grown in fields of 5.1 and 8.7  than in fields of 1.5. This study shows that boll retention in upper fruit nodes and outer fruit positions reduced significantly as planting density increased. Boll weight, seed area and seed number per boll decreased with increase in planting density. The effect of planting density on lint yield per seed was greater in the bottom and middle seed positions than in the apex seed position. These findings are significant with respect to optimal planting density and cultivar breeding.
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  Genotypic Differences in Root Morphology and Leaf Photosynthesis of Cotton Seedlings Treated with Phosphorus-deficient Solutions

  Song Shijia, Sun Hongchun, Zhang Yongjiang, Liu Liantao, Bai Zhiying, Li Cundong

  Cotton Science. 2015, 27(3): 223-231. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201503005

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   A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the root morphology and leaf photosynthetic characteristics of three colored cottons (CCRI 51, light brown cotton; CCRI 81, dark brown cotton; and CCRI 82, dark green cotton) and one white cotton under different levels of phosphorus. The results showed that lower level phosphorus treatments significantly increased root length and surface area, while no-phosphorus treatments seriously inhibited root growth. As the duration of the treatment increased, we found that the cotton root had carried out self-regulation and reduced the impact of phosphorus deficiency. Under treatments of lower levels of phosphorus the increased ratio of root length, root surface area, root volume and root/shoot ratio of GX 3 were the highest 10 days after treatment. In CCRI 51, levels were the highest 20 days after treatment. Under no-phosphorus treatments, the inhibition rates of GX 3 and CCRI 81 root morphology 20 days after treatment were higher than 10 days after treatment. Levels in the other varieties improved as the period of stress continued. The ranking of the different varieties with respect to light saturation point, maximum photosynthetic rate and light compensation point of leaves was CCRI 51＞GX 3＞ CCRI 81＞CCRI 82. As the supply of phosphorus decreased,  light saturation point and the maximum photosynthetic rate of GX 3 were gradually reduced, but light saturation point of CCRI 51 and CCRI 81 were shown as lower phosphorus＞no phosphorus ＞suitable phosphorus. Under these experimental conditions, we found that white cotton had a short-term ability to compensate for phosphorus stress; light-brown cotton and dark-green cotton had a long-term ability to compensate for phosphorus stress; and dark-brown cotton was less sensitive to phosphorus phosphate stress.
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  Effect of N Application Rate on Growth, Yield and Fiber Quality of Cotton Grown in Saline Coastal Land

  Zou Fanggang , Wang Youhua, Zhao Wenqing, Chen Binglin, Meng Yali, Zhou Zhiguo

  Cotton Science. 2015, 27(3): 232-240. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201503006

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  Field experiments were carried out at Dafeng experimental station (33.2°N, 120.5°E) in 2010 and 2012 to study the effects of N application rates on cotton growth, cotton yield and fiber quality by applying six levels (0, 150, 300, 375, 450, 600 kg·hm^－2) of N fertilization in the saline coastal soil. The results showed that: in the 0-600 kg·hm^－2 application range, the plant biomass increased with the increasing of N application rate. The highest cotton yield in 2010 and 2012 were obtained under the 375 and 300 kg·hm^－2 nitrogen application rate, respectively. For yield components, the highest boll number was obtained under 300 and 375 kg·hm^－2 nitrogen application rates; Boll weight and lint percentage increased with the increase in nitrogen application rate at the 0-300 kg·hm^－2 levels, and then maintained a steady level at the 300-600 kg·hm^－2 N application rates. The highest fiber strength was obtain in 300 and 375 kg·hm^－2 nitrogen application treatments. High nitrogen application rate (＞375 kg·hm^－2) increased the fiber length, strength, elongation ratio, and optimized micronaire value of bolls on upper and top fruiting branches; while it was disadvantageous to fiber quality of bolls on middle and bottom fruiting branches. Taken together, we concluded that using N fertilizer at an application rate of 375 kg·hm^－2 could balance the requirements of high yield, high quality and high N efficiency in saline coastal land around the experimental station.
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  Comprehensive Evaluation of Soil Fertility in Premature Senescence Cotton Fields in the Yellow River Region

  Liu Liantao, Sun Hongchun, Zhang Yongjiang, Wang Chunshan, Song Shijia, Chen Jing, Li Cundong

  Cotton Science. 2015, 27(3): 241-247. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201503007

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  To analyze the influence of soil nutrients on cotton senescence, we investigated field soil nutrients of premature senescence and normal cotton at 149 sampling points in the Yellow River region, and established a soil integrated fertility index (IFI). The results showed that all soil fertility indexes of premature senescence cotton fields were smaller than those of normal cotton fields, and that the difference was extremely significant. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, the differences in organic matter and the potassium content reached extremely significant levels compared with normal fields. The average of IFI in normal fields is 0.41, but in the premature senescence cotton fields, the average of IFI was 75.6% of this, an extremely significant difference. In the 20-40 cm soil layer, the IFI was lower significantly than that of the 0-20 cm soil layer, and the average of IFI value of normal cotton fields was 1.67 times that of premature senescence cotton fields. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, the order of direct path coefficient from largest to smallest was available potassium, available phosphorus, total nitrogen, organic matter, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen. In the 20-40 cm soil layer, the order was soil available K, available P, organic matter, and total nitrogen. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, the order of indirect diameter coefficient from largest to smallest was nitrogen, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and organic matter. In the 20-40 cm layer the order was organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus. Our studies suggested that IFI is closely related with cotton premature senescence and the lower the IFI is, the easier premature senescence occurs. Potassium and available nitrogen were the most important nutrient elements having a direct and indirect impact on IFI. Therefore, to prevent and control premature senescence caused by poor soil fertility in cotton fields, sufficient potassium and nitrogen fertilizer need to be applied to achieve an appropriate IFI value.
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  Effects of Returning Straw on the Photosynthetic Characteristics and Growth of Cotton Seedlings in a Saline Coastal Area

  Feng Guoyi, Zhang Qian, Wang Shulin, Qi Hong, Du Haiying, Li Zhifeng, Liang Qinglong, Lin Yongzeng

  Cotton Science. 2015, 27(3): 248-253. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201503008

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  Three different treatments were designed to investigate the effects of returning straw at different times on the physic-chemical properties of soil and the photosynthetic characteristics of cotton seedlings in a saline coastal area. The tests were performed in saline-alkaline fields: (1) with increased organic fertilizer; (2) with straw returned before planting; and (3)straw returned before winter. There was also a control plot (CK). The leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic characteristics and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) of cotton seedling leaf, dry matter accumulation and yield of cotton were measured. The salt content, moisture and soil bulk density of soil at a depth of 0-40 cm were also determined hierarchically at the seedling stage. Results showed that, compared with CK, the salt content and bulk density of soil had clearly decreased. Some characteristics increased significantly, such as root:shoot ratio, LAI and SPAD of the cotton leaf. The gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the cotton leaf improved under all treatments. Dry matter accumulation, especially root weight, increased significantly under the organic fertilizer treatment and when straw was returned. The effect of returning straw before winter was more obvious than effects from the two other treatments. The salt content was lower than 2.00 g·kg^－1 and the bulk density was between 1.15 g·cm^－3 and 1.40 g·cm^－3 when straw was returned before winter. Compared with CK, the leaf SPAD value was more than 40.0, and LAI was enhanced by 65.5%. The photosynthetic performance coefficient was enhanced from 23.4% to 92.8% and non-photochemical quenching decreased by 12.2%. Total dry matter accumulation and root:shoot ratio increased 46.3% and 56.5%, respectively. Lint yield increased 36.2% when straw was returned before winter, and there was greater soil improvement and cotton seedlings grew normally under this treatment in a saline coastal area.
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  Effects of Exogenous Regulating Substances on Physiological Traits of Cold Tolerance in Cotton Seedlings

  Xin Huihui, Li Zhiqiang, Li Fangzhou, Hou Zhen'an, Ye Jun

  Cotton Science. 2015, 27(3): 254-259. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201503009

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  We studied the effects of exogenous regulating substances on the physiological traits of cold tolerance(5 ℃) in cotton seedlings by spraying them with SA, CTS, SCM(SA+CTS) and SCCaM(SA+CTS+Ca), respectively. Indicators of relative conductivity; MDA content; chlorophyll content; SOD, POD and CAT activity; soluble protein; soluble sugar; and proline content were measured at 0 h, 24 h and 48 h. The results showed that if the cotton seedlings were treated with a compound preparation of 0.7 mmol·L^－1 salicylic acid and 0.6 mmol·L^－1 chitosan before stressing, then the SOD, POD and CAT activity and the soluble protein, soluble sugar and proline content of the seedlings improved in varying degrees compared with untreated seedlings. The effect of treating with a mixture of salicylic acid and chitosan was better than using just one of these. Treatment with salicylic acid, chitosan and calcium nitrate ternary compound was superior to that with a binary compound. This shows that salicylic acid, chitosan and calcium nitrate have a synergistic effect in inducing cold tolerance in cotton seedlings.
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  Tissue Expression Profile and Ligand Binding Affinity of the Chemosensory Protein Gene CpalCSP3 in Chrysopa pallens(Rambur)

  Wang Sibao, Zhang Shuai, Luo Junyu, Li Zhaoqun, Lü Limin, Wang Chunyi, Cui Jinjie, Dong Shuanglin

  Cotton Science. 2015, 27(3): 260-267. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201503010

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  Insect chemosensory proteins(CSPs) play important roles in olfactory perception by transporting hydrophobic chemical volatiles across the sensillum lymph to olfactory receptors, but this role in Chrysopa pallens(Rambur) has not been addressed. In this paper, a CSP gene CpalCSP3 was cloned and the tissue expression profile of the CpalCSP3 gene in male and female adults was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that the CpalCSP3 gene was highly expressed in the heads and antennae of both sexes, suggesting its involvement in olfaction and gustation. To further explore the olfactory role of the gene, recombinant CpalCSP3 protein was obtained by the Escherichia coli expression system, and the binding affinities of CpalCSP3 protein for 84 plant volatiles were measured using fluorescent competitive binding assay. Among the tested compounds, nerolidol, (+)-cedrol and beta-ionone had high binding affinities to CpalCSP3 protein, with K_i values ranging from 8.79 to 9.79 μmol·L^－1. In addition, phlorizin dihydrate, dodecyl aldehyde, geranyl acetate and (+/?)-alpha-pinene also showed high binding affinities, with Ki values from 11.54 to 19.06 μmol·L^－1. Together, these results suggest that CpalCSP3 protein may play a role in olfaction of these plant volatiles, which facilitate host-plant searching in adult C. pallens.
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  Effects of Genetically Modified Stacked Cottons on Diversity of Soil Nematodes

  Feng Chun, Li Gang, Xiu Weiming, Yang Dianlin, Hong Yu, Cui Jinjie, Luo Junyu, Zhao Jianning

  Cotton Science. 2015, 27(3): 268-274. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201503011

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  1. Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-environment Quality of Ministry of Agriculture / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-product Safety, Tianjin 300191, China; 2. College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China; 3. Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
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  Gray Broad Calibration May Increase Precision in the Prediction of Cotton Water Content Based on Computer Version

  Wang Juan, Wei Changzhou, Wan Dan, Wang Xiaojuan, Li Wei, Gu Kai

  Cotton Science. 2015, 27(3): 275-282. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201503012

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  This paper aimed at establishing a rapid, non-destructive and low-cost model to predict cotton water content for whole growth stages based on computer-vision technology. The data of color characteristic parameters extracted from cotton canopy digital image of different growth periods were adjusted by gray board in order to eliminate differences in brightness and to improve the prediction precision of the model. The best prediction model is established based on color characteristic parameters G-B by original data or gray board corrected data, the coefficient of determination for the two models was 0.746 and 0.782, respectively. Validation test indicated that the prediction accuracy of models based on gray broad calibrated data was improved comparing to model established by original data. The coefficient of determination between measured plant water content and predicted value was 0.739 and 0.783, respectively; the root mean square error (RMSE) was 2.218 and 2.030; the relative error (RE) between predicted values and measured values were 2.13% and 1.79%. Our results showed that the application of computer vision may predict cotton water content and the color value adjusted by gray board may improve the model prediction accuracy. This research provided a simple, higher precision technical support and new method for diagnosis of plant water status based on computer vision.
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  Easy and Enjoyable Cotton Cultivation: Developments in China's Cotton Production

  Yu Shuxun, Zhang Lei, Feng Wenjuan

  Cotton Science. 2015, 27(3): 283-290. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201503013

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  Cotton is one of the most economically important crops in China, and the improvement of cotton production technology and equipment has played a major role in cotton production. In a systematic manner this paper discusses developments in cotton production, considers how cultivation can be improved and analyzes favorable conditions from three perspectives: (1) national policy and capital supports; (2) present laws and regulations; and (3) the related public service system. We propose effective measures to improve cotton cultivation, and these will provide guidance for the sustainable development of China's cotton industry.