15 March 2013, Volume 25 Issue 2

    

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  Cloning and Analysis of Salt-tolerance Ralated Gene GhERF79 from Gossypium hirsutum L.

  WANG Jie-Lin, ZOU Chang-Song, LU Cai-Rui, WANG Qiao-Lian, SONG Guo-Li

  Cotton Science. 2013, 25(2): 95-102. https://doi.org/10.11963/cs130201

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   In this study, the full-length cDNA sequence of GhERF79 was isolated from Gossypium hirsutum by RACE-PCR, its length is 980 bp, and it has an open reading frame (ORF) of 756 bp encoding a protein of 251 amino acids which was located in nucleus by subcellular localization experiment; Bioinformation analysis revealed that GhERF79 belonged to A-1 subgroup of ERF subfamily; Expression pattern analysis revealed that the expression of GhERF79 was significantly induced by salt stress and plant hormones ABA, ET, and MeJA, furthermore, the induced expression level in salt-tolerance germplasm Zhong 9806 (G. hirsutum) was considerably higher than that in salt-sensitive cultivar CCRI 12 (G. hirsutum). The evidence above suggested that GhERF79 might play an important role in regulating cotton salt stress responses.
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  Relationship between Carbohydrates Transforming and Fiber Dry Weight Formation during Cotton Fiber Development

  ZHANG Wen-Jing, WANG Wei, LUO Song-Song, FAN Si-Jing, WU Xiao-Fei, DING Long

  Cotton Science. 2013, 25(2): 103-109. https://doi.org/10.11963/cs130202

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  To investigate the relationship between carbohydrates transforming, characteristics of cellulose synthesis and formation of dry weight during cotton fiber development, the 2-year experiments were carried out in Hefei, Anhui Province (cotton belts in lower basin of the Yangtze River Valley) in 2010-2011 by using cotton fibers in seasonal bolls of two cotton cultivars with similar growth duration as materials. The result showed that: with the delay of anthesis day, soluble sugar and sucrose transformation rates in cotton fiber showed the trend of decrease. The higher transformation rate of soluble sugar and sucrose, the maximal speedily of cellulose accumulation were higher and the period for fiber dry weight fast accumulating was longer, which were helpful for increasing the fiber dry weight. Sugar and cellulose contents in fiber had an influence on the fiber dry weight increase by regulating the change of soluble sugar content. Therefore, the differences of carbohydrate transforming and cellulose synthesis characteristics during the fiber development might be an important reason for fiber dry weight formation in cotton boll.
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  Somatic Embryogenesis and Regeneration of Green Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) Xincaimian No.7

  ZHU Hua-Guo, WANG Hong-Juan, LI Peng-Fei, ZHANG Xin-Yu, LI Yan-Jun, SUN Jie

  Cotton Science. 2013, 25(2): 110-114. https://doi.org/10.11963/cs130203

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  Using hypocotyls and cotyledon of Xincaimian No.7(Green fiber cotton cultivar) as explants, MSB(MS salts and B5 vitamins) medium supplemented with different phytohormone combinations as callus induction media, and by embryogenic callus differentiation, regeneration experiment was carried out. The results indicated that the calli were easily induced in medium supplemented with 0.1 mg·L^-1 2，4-D and 0.1 mg·L^-1 KT, the frequency of callus induction was 100%. Split hypocotyl segments reversely cultured on medium was the best mode for callus induction. 0.3 mg·L^-1 IBA and 0.15 mg·L^-1 KT was the best phytohormone combination for embryogenic callus differentiation, and the highest differentiation frequency was 23.33%. Somatic embryos were acquired in MSB medium with NH₄NO₃ free and doubled KNO₃, supplemented with 0.5 g·L^-1 Asn and 1 g·L^-1 Gln. Complete cotyledon embryos were isolated and cultured on hormone-free 1/2MS medium for germination and development. The regeneration protocol of Xincaimian No.7 via somatic embryogenesis was established, laying a solid foundation for gene engineering in naturally colored cotton.
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  Effect of Glyphosate on the Gamete Fertility of Transgenic Glyphosate-resistant Cotton Germplasms with EPSPS-G6

  MEI Lei, CHEN Jin-Hong, HE Qiu-Ling, ZHU Shui-Jin

  Cotton Science. 2013, 25(2): 115-120. https://doi.org/10.11963/cs130204

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  The effect of glyphosate on floral organ morphology structure and gamete fertility of transgenic glyphosate-resistant cotton germplasms with EPSPS-G6 were studies, with the germplasms were treated with different glyphosate concentration started from squaring stage. The results showed that there were not obvious damage on the growth and development of the transgenic germplasms by the treatment of glyphosate before squaring stage, but serious flower characters and male sterility, such as small flowers, short stigmas, wizened and indehiscent anthers etc., when they were treated with glyphosate after squaring stage，especially with the high concentration(>30 mmol·L^-1). Pollen fertility identification showed that male gametes abortion was started in 15 days for high concentration, or 20 days for low concentration(<20 mmol·L^-1) after the treatment. The period of male gametes abortion continued for more than 20 days，and much longer for the higher concentration glyphosate. The results of different treatment intervals with different concentrations showed that male gametes abortion could continue in the whole growth period when they were treated every 20 days. The experiment result found that the transgenic cotton germplasms with EPSPS-G6 could be used as female parent without artificial emasculation to produce hybrid cottonseeds, as long as they were treated by 20 mmol·L^-1 glyphosate with every 15 days（another 5 days delay if the weather was unallowed for spraying） for 4 times, started from squaring stage.
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  Identifying Ideal Test Environments for Cotton Fiber Strength Selection in the Yangtze River Valley

  XU Nai-Yin, ZHANG Guo-Wei, LI Jian, ZHOU Zhi-Guo

  Cotton Science. 2013, 25(2): 121-128. https://doi.org/10.11963/cs130205

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  The GGE biplot analysis was adopted to evaluate cotton regional trial locations in terms of the discriminating ability, representativeness, desirability index and superiority index for cotton fiber strength selection in 27 independent sets of cotton variety trials in the Yangtze River Valley during 2000－2010. The results showed that based on the evaluation parameters of the desirability indexes for fiber strength selection, Nanjing, Huanggang, Changde, Yueyang and Nanyang were the most ideal trial environments and therefore were the most effective locations for developing and /or remanding cultivars for broad adaptation selection for fiber strength in the target region. On the other hand, the test locations in Jiangsu and Zhejiang coastal cotton planting region (Nantong ,Yancheng and Cixi) and in the Sichuan basin (Jianyang and Shehong) were not suitable to act as cotton fiber strength selection environments for the Yangtze River Valley. Therefore, this fully demonstrated the GGE biplot application efficiency in regional trial environment evaluation and also provided the theoretical basis for decision-making of fiber strength selection in national cotton regional trials scheme and cotton mega-environment investigation in the Yangtze River Valley.
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  Characterization of the Cellulose Synthase Complex in Cotton

  LI Xian-Liang, LI Ao, PENG Liang-Cai, XIA Tao

  Cotton Science. 2013, 25(2): 129-134. https://doi.org/10.11963/cs130206

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  To identify the components of CSCs, plasma membrane (PM) was extracted from cotton fibers at 24 days post anthesis (DPA) and solubilized by triton X-100, from which CSCs were isolated by co-immunoprecipitation mediated by Gossypium hirsutum cellulose synthase1(GhCESA1). The proteins isolated by co-immunoprecipitation mediated by GhCESA1 were characterized by western-blotting using the antibodies of GhCESA1 and Gossypium hirsutum sucrose synthase (GhSuSy). The results show there are GhCESA1 and GhSuSy proteins, which indicates this method can isolate the components of CSCs. Then, CSCs proteins through SDS-PAGE were subjected to nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). 68 kinds of proteins were identificated, in which there were 8 kinds of CESA proteins. GhCESA3, 5, 6 can take part in synthesizing cellulose in promary walls, and the other CESA proteins can be responsible for formation of cellulose in secondary walls. This study suggests that the CSC machinary may be aided by other proteins in addition to cellulose synthase proteins.
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  Frequency and Distribution of Microsatellites in the Whole Genome of Verticillium albo-atrum

  LI Zhi-Fang, FENG Zi-Li, ZHAO Li-Hong, SHI Yong-Qiang, LI Cai-Hong, WANG Ling-Fei, LIU Yi-Jie, ZHU He-Qin

  Cotton Science. 2013, 25(2): 135-141. https://doi.org/10.11963/cs130207

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  To identify the distribution of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in primary plant pathogen Verticillium albo-atrum genome, this study successfully scanned 4224 SSR in the 32.8 Mb genome of sequenced VaMs102 isolate. Results showed that the tri-nucleotide repeats(tri-nt) was the most abundant microsatellite type. The number of tri-nt SSRs was 1481 comprising 35.1% of the total number of SSRs, followed by di-nt, hexa-nt, tetra-nt and pentra-nt SSRs in that order. Mono-nt SSR had the smallest population, only 308, comprising 7.3% of the total number. Furthermore, the SSRs in different repeat units exhibited a differential or non-random distribution in different genomic locations. Mono-nt, di-nt, tetra-nt and penta-nt SSRs preferred to present in the noncoding regions, especially intergenic. Tri-nt and hexa-nt SSRs concentrated distributed in the exonic regions, and the number of triplet-motif repeats is variable across the V. albo-atrum genome, perhaps indicating that it may help promote adaptation to new environment through modulating the repeat times.
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  The Relationship of Genetic Distance to Mid-parent Heterosis and Manifestations of F₁ & F₂ of Fiber Quality Traits in Upland Cotton

  SU Jun-Ji, CHEN Hong, YU Yu, LIN Hai, NING Xin-Zhu, LI Ji-Lian, LIU Ping, LIU Li, XIANG Ji-Shan, DENG Fu-Jun

  Cotton Science. 2013, 25(2): 142-147. https://doi.org/10.11963/cs130208

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  29 cotton cultivars or lines were researched by clustering analysis with genetic distance determined by SSR markers and cultivar phenotype data. 28 hybridized combinations, which from 8 upland cotton parents classified by different genetic distance, were tested in the incomplete parallel cross design. The test was designed for the correlation and regression analysis of genetic distance with the mid-parent heterosis and the manifestations of F₁ & F₂ in upland cotton. The results showed that the manifestations and genetic distance marked by SSR in F₁ & F₂ were positive correlation with the fiber length, uniformity index, strength and their mid-parent heterosis, and also, the fiber length was at very significant level with the both, but the strength was at significant level with the genetic distance marked by SSR. The manifestation and their mid-parent heterosis of the elongation were both negative correlated with phenotype and genetic distance, especially, and the correlation of manifestation of elongation with the genetic distance was at significant level. The result of regression analysis showed the curve model of the fiber traits, which were at very significant level or significant level with their genetic distance, were all at very significant level or significant level with their corresponding genetic distance too. The traits, which were at significant or very significant level, could provide reference information for fiber quality improvement and heterosis utilization in cotton.
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  Study on Evaluation Methods for Soil Fertility in Oasis Cotton Field Based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index（NDVI）

  WANG Qiong, WANG Ke-Ru, LI Shao-Kun, XIAO Chun-Hua, LI Jing, DAI Jian-Guo, FANG Lin-Feng, CHEN Bing, WANG Fang-Yong

  Cotton Science. 2013, 25(2): 148-153. https://doi.org/10.11963/cs130209

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  The cotton fields of typical state farms which set in the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain, were used to explore the soil fertility assessment method based on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Using the NDVI, which obtained during different cotton growth periods, as assessment index evaluate the soil fertility; then regard NDVI and soil  physical and chemistry data such as soil organic matter content, available phosphorus content and so on, which come from small amount of cotton field soil samples, as the assessment index, the geostatistical methodology and remote sensing image clustering algorithm were used to evaluate the soil fertility. Comparing the two results with the one evaluated only by soil physical and chemistry data, accuracy and reliability of the methods based on NDVI were studied. It could be concluded that：the method based on NDVI and a few soil physical and chemistry data can improve the accuracy and the consistent of reality significantly. The evaluation method for cotton soil fertility based on NDVI can evaluate rapidly and conveniently, and it will provide a scientific basis to the research on oasis cotton soil quality, agricultural restructuring plan and the cultivated land quality protection.
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  Non-market Value Evaluation on Integrated Externality of Cotton Production in Xinjiang—Based on Cotton Subsidy Perspective

  MA Qiong, LIU Wen-Cun, LIU Qin-Qin, WANG Ya-Peng

  Cotton Science. 2013, 25(2): 154-161. https://doi.org/10.11963/cs130210

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  Externality is a ubiquitous economic phenomenon in the department of agriculture. The cotton industry as a significant part in agriculture is no exception. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the main cotton producing area in China, the positive externalities without redress have greatly influenced the stable development of its cotton production. Therefore, taking Xinjiang cotton producing as example, and using contingent valuation method (CVM), this article has estimated the non-market value of positive externalities of cotton production such as the ecological environment, the natural landscape, the social security, etc through investigating the willingness to pay (WTP) for the positive externality subsidy of cotton production. Using decomposed summation method non-market value of environmental externality brought by cotton fields absorbing CO₂, cotton soil carbon sequestration and CO₂ emission from the fuel supplies used in the process of cotton production in Xinjiang has been calculated. The result shows that the integrated externality of cotton production in Xinjiang is positive, and the total of non-market value of this integrated externality is ￥110.8573×10⁸. If take this result as the basis for calculating cotton production subsidy, cotton producers should be subsidized ￥7589.85 for every hectare. Finally, put forward some policy suggestions to guarantee stable cotton production and ensure cotton industry security: regarding the value (￥7589.85 per hectare) as the cotton production subsidy standards, increasing subsidy program, improving subsidy level,.
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  Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Early Leaf Senescence in Short-season Cotton Variety

  LU Chao, ZHANG Gen-Lian, FAN Shu-Li, SONG Mei-Zhen, PANG Chao-You, YU Shu-Xun

  Cotton Science. 2013, 25(2): 162-168. https://doi.org/10.11963/cs1302011

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  Short-season variety CCRI 10 was chosen as the experimental material, and during leaf senescence, cotton leaves were collected at 30 d, 40 d, 50 d for whole protein extraction. The extracted protein was further separated by the two-dimensional electrophoresis technology. After coomassie brilliant blue staining and gel scanning, protein spots from all the replicate gels were compared and quantified using the Image Master 2D Platinum Software Version 7.0, and a total of 33 stained spots were found to have significant changes during the three developmental stages. These protein spots were then subjected to MALDI-TOF-TOF analysis and finally 12 protein spots were successfully identified. Proteomic analysis revealed that during cotton leaf senescence: 6 proteins involved in disease defense were significantly down-regulated, while only 1 protein up-regulated; 2 proteins involved in photosynthesis were up-regulated, while 1 protein down-regulated; 2 proteins involved in signal transduction were down-regulated. Our study demonstrates that proteomics can be a powerful tool for different protein identification during leaf senescence, and provides new insight for understanding early leaf senescence in cotton.
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  Regulation Effects of Sink Source Ratio on Yield Formation of Cotton under Different Soil Moisture Contents with Under-mulch-drip Irrigation

  ZHANG Hong-Zhi, LUO Hong-Hai, ZHANG Ya-Li, ZHANG Wang-Feng

  Cotton Science. 2013, 25(2): 169-177. https://doi.org/10.11963/cs130212

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  Using three different leaf type cotton cultivars, viz. semi-normal leaf, small leaf and okra-leaf, the irrigation experiment was conducted in field. Lower limit of soil relative moisture content in layer of 0~60 cm was controlled at 90%~85% (high water), 70%~75% (moderate water), 55%~60% (low water) of field capacity, respectively. By means of leaf-cutting and spikelet-thinning treatments to make different sink source ratios, investigated the effects of the altered sink source ratio on cotton yield formation and its response to the different soil moisture contents. The results showed that in the mild defoliation treatment of Xinluzao 13 (semi-normal leaf cultivar) under moderate moisture, the photosynthetic rate of remnant leaves were significantly increased. However, there was no significant difference on the photosynthetic product accumulation and distribution, boll numbers per plant and boll weight. Consequently, no significant effects were observed on seed cotton yield. In the mild spikelet-thinning of Biaoza A1 (okra-leaf hybrid) under high moisture, the photosynthetic rate and accumulation of single plant photosynthate were similar with control, however, it had increased the translocation of photosynthetic products into cotton boll, consequently, the boll weight and yield increased. Whereas, the yield of Xinluzao 10(small leaf cultivar) was decreased significantly after sourse-sink manipulation. So, we should not only adopt pruning methods, spraying plant growth regulator, fertilization and other measures, but also adopt water management in cotton field to regulate source sink relation of cotton in order to establish a reasonable sink/source ratio. It would be beneficial to improve the cotton yield and water use efficiency further.
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  Effects of Transgenic Double Gene Cotton on the Enzyme Activity and Nutrient Content in the Rhizosphere Soil

  FENG Chun, ZHAO Jian-Ning, LI Gang, YANG Zhi-Guo, WANG Hui, WU Dong-Mei, HONG Yu, YANG Dian-Lin

  Cotton Science. 2013, 25(2): 178-183. https://doi.org/10.11963/cs130213

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  Through field experiment, the enzyme activity and nutrient content in the rhizosphere soil of transgenic cotton sGK321(Cry1Ac+CPTI), transgenic cotton with double insect-resistant genes(Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab), transgenic cotton with insect-resistant and herbicide-resistant genes(Cry1Ac+Epsps) and non-transgenic cotton were analyzed. The results showed that the available phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen in the rhizosphere soil had no significant difference between transgenic cotton sGK321 and non-transgenic cotton, while the nitrate nitrogen significantly higher than non-transgenic cotton. The available phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen of transgenic cotton with double insect-resistant genes were both significantly lower than non-transgenic cotton while the nitrate nitrogen showed no difference. The available phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen of transgenic cotton with insect-resistant and herbicide-resistant genes were both significantly higher than non-transgenic cotton, but nitrate nitrogen was significantly lower than non-transgenic cotton. The urease, alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities in the rhizosphere soil showed no significant difference between transgenic cotton sGK321 and non-transgenic cotton. Except that the urease was significantly lower than non-transgenic cotton, the alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities of the transgenic cotton with double insect-resistant genes showed no difference. For the transgenic cotton with insect-resistant and herbicide-resistant genes, the urease showed no significant difference compared with non-transgenic cotton, with the alkaline phosphatase significantly higher and the catalase activities significantly lower than non-transgenic cotton. The soil nutrient content(except nitrate nitrogen) and soil enzyme activity in the rhizosphere soil of transgenic double gene cotton sGK321 and non-transgenic cotton had no significant difference, but difference among transgenic cotton with double insect-resistant genes and transgenic cotton with insect-resistant and herbicide-resistant genes were mainly influenced by the cotton varieties.
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  The Difference of Fiber Quality and Fiber Ultrastructure in Different Natural Colored Cotton

  RU Zong-Ling, WANG Guo-Xi, HE Shou-Pu, DU Xiong-Ming

  Cotton Science. 2013, 25(2): 184-188. https://doi.org/10.11963/cs130214

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  对不同品种彩色棉纤维品质、纤维素含量、蜡质含量研究结果表明，纤维素含量越高、蜡质含量越少，纤维品质越好；同时电镜检测结果发现，棕色棉和绿色棉纤维中色素分布位置具有较明显差异，细胞中色素含量越少，纤维品质越好。从总体材料来看，绿色棉纤维品质总体最差，个别经过改良的棕色棉纤维品质已经达到甚至超过对照白棉；棕色棉纤维品质可能和其色泽深度有关系，颜色越浅纤维品质越好，这可能是因为与白色棉杂交改良的结果。