15 September 2016, Volume 28 Issue 5
    

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  • Guo Huimin, Zhai Weibo, Zhang Shanshan, Guo Anhui, Zhang Wenwei, Jian Guiliang, Duan Jiangyan, Qi Fangjun
    Cotton Science. 2016, 28(5): 425-433. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201605001
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    As an important and conserved cascade signaling pathway in eukaryotes, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is composed of three kinds of sequentially phosphorylated protein kinases, MAPKKK, MAPKK, and MAPK. MAPKs play an important role in a number of processes including the regulation of plant growth, stress responses, and disease resistance. To fully understand the genetic relationship between cotton MAPK, MAPKK, MAPKKK family members, and further reveal the functional roles of cotton MAPKs in stress responses and disease resistance, we collected amino acid sequences of MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKKK family members in Gossypium hirsutum from the NCBI database, based on published data of the G. raimondii and G. arboreum genome; then performed homologous comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of family members from G. hirsutum, G. raimondii, and G. arboreum. The results showed that cotton MAPK family members contain Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) or Thr-Asp-Tyr (TDY) phosphorylation sites and can be divided into four subfamilies (group A, B, C, and D) according to their amino acid sequences. The TEY subtype can be classified into three groups, A, B, and C, whereas the TDY subtype contains only group D. Cotton MAPKK family members, which have a characteristic conservative S/T-X5-S/T area and the active site motif D(I/L/V)K, can also be divided into four subfamilies (group A, B, C and D) according to their amino acid sequences. Members of the cotton MAPKKK family fall into two main classes: MEK and Raf, with the former containing the conserved region G(T/S)PX(W/Y)MAPEV and the latter GTXX(W/Y)MAPE(L/V). Clarifying the relationships between cotton MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKKK family members will help us to further to reveal the roles of cotton MAPKs in stress responses and disease resistance.
  • Li Yan, Yao Jinbo, Chen Wei, Zhang Yongshan
    Cotton Science. 2016, 28(5): 434-442. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201605002
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    The TCP gene family encodes a specific type of plant transcription factors that are involved extensively in plant growth, development, and the signal transduction pathways of many physiological and biochemical responses. However, limited information is available about cotton TCP genes. Thirty-seven TCP genes were identified from the diploid cotton Gossypium arboreum (A2) and G. raimondii (D5) genome databases. According to the conserved motifs defined in Arabidopsis thaliana L., the protein structure and conserved sequences of each TCP motif were analyzed. We also analyzed the phylogenetic relationship and subcellular localization of the identified gene sequences. Structural analysis revealed that most TCP genes had simple structures and did not contain introns. The putative proteins of these genes contained highly conserved TCP structural domains and shared similar motifs. These proteins could be classified into two subfamilies according to their structure and phylogenic relationships. These results provide a basis for the further study of cotton TCP transcription factors.
  • Qi Guojun, Chen Ting, He Zifu, Lü Lihua
    Cotton Science. 2016, 28(5): 443-451. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201605003
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    Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is a destructive disease of cotton. Cotton leaf curl Multan virus, one of the main pathogens of the disease, has invaded the Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian, Yunnan, and Jiangsu Provinces of China. A better understanding of the potential establishment area of the disease will, therefore, be beneficial in anticipating the spread of CLCuD and help to rapidly eradicate its presence in Chinese cotton-growing regions. Based on published data recording global incidences of CLCuD, the potential geographic distribution of the disease was analyzed using an ecological niche model (Maxent) and ArcGIS in conjunction with the distribution of the virus-transmitting vector Bemisia tabaci, the host plant Gossypium hirsutum, and the intermediate host plant Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. The modeling results indicated that cotton-growing regions in the Yangtze River valley and Yellow River valley were relatively likely potential target regions for the disease, while the northwest inland cotton-growing region was categorized as having a low potential for disease distribution. The region with the highest CLCuD distribution potential was the cotton-growing region covering the Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Hubei Provinces within the Yangtze River valley that also represented suitable planting areas for the intermediate host plant H. rosa-sinensis. Therefore, Cotton leaf curl Multan virus that has already invaded many areas of Southern China poses a serious national-wide threat to cotton production, with the cotton-growing regions in the Yangtze River valley representing the best focus area for the prevention and control of CLCuD.
  • Wu Huanhuan, Guo Liping, Qi Tingxiang, Zhang Xuexian, Tang Huini, Wang Hailin, Qiao Xiuqin, Wu Jianyong, Xing Chaozhu
    Cotton Science. 2016, 28(5): 452-459. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201605004
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    Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in cotton is an ideal system to use heterosis to study nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions. In this study, an over-expression vector of the candidate fertility restoration gene ZH46-3437 was constructed using a pBI121 vector. An amiRNA interference vector, amiR3437, was also constructed and inoculated into the cotyledon of an F1 hybrid plants using the CLCrV (Cotton leaf crumple virus)-induced gene silencing system. qRT-PCR analysis of transgenic plants containing the transgene showed that the expression level of amiR3437 increased, while the expression level of ZH46-3437 decreased. The semi-sterility of the pollen of the transgenic plants could be detected by I2-KI staining method. This research implied that ZH46-3437 may play a role in cotton fertility.
  • Cai Yunfei, Yu En, Zhao Rubing, Huang Jieqiong, He Qiuling, Chen Jinhong, Zhu Shuijin
    Cotton Science. 2016, 28(5): 460-469. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201605005
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    Plant genotypes, the environment, and their interaction, have important effects on mineral element levels in cottonseed. Seed samples of 10 upland cotton cultivars planted in 10 different locations in the Yangzi River region were collected to determine the levels of seven mineral elements including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S). Correlations between these elements were then analyzed. The results showed that the effects of genotype, environment and the interaction between genotype and environment on level of seven minerals in the cottonseed were extremely significant and that correlations between P and Mg, as well as N and Na, were extremely significant with correlation coefficients of 0.73 and 0.63, respectively. This suggests that the environment has more of an effect on mineral element levels than the genotype, although the effects of the genotype and the interaction between genotype and environment are also important. Our findings also indicated that N, P, and Mg are synchronously accumulated in cottonseeds as reasonable application of Na can accelerate the accumulation of these mineral elements. This study provides useful information around the use of fertilization to improve cotton seed qualities, cottonseed utilization, and cotton production.
  • Wang Furong, Qiao Qinghua, Chen Pengyun, Yuan Zhecheng, Chen Yu, Fan Shoujin, Zhang Jun
    Cotton Science. 2016, 28(5): 470-477. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201605006
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    Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides with no protein-coding potential that are involved in various biological processes. In this study, we identified 8044 lncRNAs from shoot apical RNA-seq data generated in our laboratory using coding potential calculator software. Among them, 3691 lncRNAs were mapped to the Atsubgenome of allotetraploid cotton, and 2852 to the Dt subgenome. A total of 2227 lncRNAs were functionally annotated using bioinformatics methods such as genomic co-location, complementary base-pairing, pre-miRNA prediction, and lncRNA family prediction. Of the 2227 lncRNAs, 1875 were mapped up/downstream of coding genes, 317 antisense lncRNAswere predicted to interact with mRNAs by complementary base-pairing, 20 lncRNAs were predicted to be microRNA precursors, and fivelncRNAs were annotated to four lncRNA families. These lncRNAs were predicted to be involved in biological processes such as transcriptional regulation, metabolism, hormone responses, and signal transduction. This study provides a new approach to studying the function of lncRNAs using high throughput cotton sequencing data.
  • Xu Dong, Guo Jianming, Cong Shengbo, Wu Huaiheng, Huang Minsong, Wang Qiang, Wan Peng
    Cotton Science. 2016, 28(5): 478-484. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201605007
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    To evaluate the effectiveness of genetically modified stacked cotton against Lepidoptera pests in the Yangtze River valley of China, the Bt insecticidal protein content of transgenic cotton Daiza24 with triple genes (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab2+Cp4-epsps) was analyzed using ELISA, and the efficacy of resistance to four Lepidoptera pests (Heliothis armigera, Pectihcphora gossypiella, Spodoptera litura, and S. exigua) were described under laboratory and field conditions. The results showed that Cry1Ac protein could be expressed relatively stably in different tissues and organs of Daiza24 and TaiD-5 at each growth stage, with no significant differences except in leaves at the bolling stage. Compared with Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab2 protein content was relatively high in all tissues of Daiza24 at all growth stages and the level of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins in the reproductive organs (squares, flowers, and bolls) decreased as the season progressed. Daiza24 seemed to have greater effects against not only H. armigera and P. gossypiella, but also against S. litura and S. exigua. The mean mortalities of S. litura and S. exigua on Daiza24 ranged from 74.81%-81.81% and 76.14%-85.14%, respectively, and were significantly higher than those on TaiD-5. The larval mortality rates in the laboratory bioassay and with field monitoring were consistent with the Bt protein level at different developmental periods and in different organs.
  • Liu Hui, Yu Xiuli, Huang Xianzhong
    Cotton Science. 2016, 28(5): 485-492. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201605008
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    To examine the application of a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated gene silencing (VIGS) technology in cotton varieties of the Xinluzhong series, we established a TRV-VIGS system for Xinluzao 33 and Gossypium arboreum using upland cotton GhCLA1 as a marker gene for silencing. Semi-quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that GhCLA1 could be effectively silenced in Xinluzao 33 and G. arboreum. This system was further tested in 45 cotton varieties of the Xinluzhong series simultaneously. The results showed that after 2 weeks of inoculation, Xinluzao 33 and G. arboreum could maintain an albino phenotype to varying degrees at temperatures of 23 ℃/21 ℃ and 32 ℃/28 ℃ (day/night), respectively. Our study suggests that the TRV-VIGS system can be widely applied in different cotton varieties of the Xinluzhong series and in Gossypium arboreum to help functionally characterize genes in the laboratory.
  • Cotton Science. 2016, 28(5): 493-503. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201605009
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    A field experiment and laboratory analysis were conducted to study the effects of a jujube-cotton intercropping ecosystem (JCIE) on the soil microbial community and its diversity. Soil samples were collected from different sites in a JCIE, sole jujube, and cotton fields at the Bagetuolag village, Awati county, Xinjiang during 2013-2014 to determine the spatial distribution of microflora and their metabolic quotient. The results indicated that the amount and distribution of soil microorganisms differed between the intercropping and monocropping systems. Compared with sole cotton, the numbers of soil bacteria, fungi, actinomyces, and the total number of microbes decreased significantly in the JCIE, with the highest microbe reduction occurring under the crown of the jujube tree row on the western side (W80). The JCIE greatly improved the number of ammonifying and nitrifying bacteria relative to sole cotton but decreased the number of denitrifying bacteria. The number of both ammonifying and denitrifying bacteria was lower in sole jujube than the JCIE and sole cotton. There was significant variation in the horizontal and vertical spatial distribution of the soil microbes in the JCIE at three sites: under the crown of jujube tree row on the western side,eastern side, and near the crown at three successive soil depths. The metabolic quotient of soil microbes (qCO2) in descending order were sole jujube>jujube-cotton intercropping>sole cotton. The spatial variance characteristics and evenness index were similar for the distribution of microorganisms under different cropping modes. Correlation analysis showed that the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen concentration, and pH were extremely significant facts influencing microbial diversity and metabolic quotient. We, therefore, suggest that microbial diversity and metabolic quotient respond to jujube-cotton intercropping sensitively, and show that there is obvious competition below ground between jujube and cotton.
  • Yang Wei, Zhu Jianqiang, Wu Qixia, Wang Zengzhen, Ye Hao
    Cotton Science. 2016, 28(5): 504-512. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201605010
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    Waterlogging (WL) and high temperature (HT) are main meteorological factors affecting the middle or late cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth period in the Yangtze river region of China. However, the effects of these together on physiological metabolism and yield in cotton plants have not been reported in depth. Pot experiments were conducted at the Experimental Station for Teaching and Scientific Research, Yangtze University, China during cotton flowering and boll-forming in 2011 and 2012. The responses of photosynthetic traits, membrane peroxidation metabolism of leaves (fourth from the top), and yield-related components to short-term WL (2-3 cm layer of surface water for 7 d) or HT (6 h per day for 7 d) alone and together (WL+HT) were analyzed. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the leaf increased under either WL or HT conditions. SOD activity was significantly reduced under WL+HT conditions, while POD and MDA activity rapidly increased. The chlorophyll content (SPAD value), maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), and potential photochemical activity of photosystem II (Fv/F0) all decreased significantly under all three conditions. The photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cs), and transpiration rate(Tr) also decreased under these conditions, while the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) increased. Seed yield losses were largely attributed to fewer boll sets and lower boll quality with combined WL and HT treatment. The highest reduction in cotton yield was observed in WL+HT treated plants (23.0%), followed by WL (17.1%), and HT (9.8%). Except for Ci, the SPAD value, Pn, Tr, Cs, Fv/Fm, and Fv/F0 showed significant positive correlations with yield, with the SPAD value having the strongest positive correlation. Therefore, the SPAD value of functional leaves could be used as a sensitive indicator to assess cotton crop adaptations to stress, and evaluate crop production losses induced by unpredictable agrometeorological disasters in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze in China.
  • Zhang Huachong, Zhang Wenwei, Jian Guiliang, Qi Fangjun, Si Ning
    Cotton Science. 2016, 28(5): 513-518. https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201605011
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    Six populations (P1, P2, F1, B1, B2, and F2) derived from the cross of Zhongzhimian 2 (resistant cultivar)×861 (susceptible cultivar) were constructed to analyze the inheritance of Verticillium wilt resistance from an upland cotton cultivar Zhongzhimian 2 using the major gene plus polygene model. The level of disease resistance in each of the six populations was determined in the Verticillium wilt nursery. The results showed that Zhongzhimian 2 fitted two additive-dominance-epistasis major gene plus additive-dominance polygenes modes (E-1). The heritability of major genes in B1, B2, and F2 was estimated to be 68.24%, 30.71%, and 82.09%, respectively, and the polygene heritability 0, 24.96%, and 0. The ratios of environmental variance to phenotype variance ranged from 17.01% to 44.33%.