15 January 2008, Volume 20 Issue 1
    

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  • WANG Sheng-Fen, TIAN Hai-Yan, MA Zhi-Ying, ZHANG Gui-Yin, XUAN Zhao-Ling, WANG Wen-Sheng, SUN Yan-Xiang
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 3-8.
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    cDNA library of the Upland cotton resistant cultivar, Jimian 20, was constructed using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and pGEM-T Easy vector under the stress of Verticillium dahliae at 8h, 12h, 24h and 48h post inoculation. This SSH library included eight hundred positive clones. The insert sizes ranged from 0.2kb to 1kb, averaged 400bp, based on restriction endoenzyme digestion and nested PCR. Twenty random clones were selected and sequenced. ESTs similarity analysis via BLASTn and BLASTx showed that all of the twenty ESTs were homologous to the sequences with known functions. Twelve were as known sequences in the BLASTn, accounted for 60% of the total ESTs tested. Fourteen, i.e, 70% of the total, were as known sequences in the BLASTx. According to the classification criteria of plant gene function, these homologous sequences were related to ten kinds of disease resistance genes as those reported, including serine/threonine kinase, glutathione S-transferase, alcohol dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450, ACC oxidase,etc. Querying the GenBank dbEST, as much as 75% of these ESTs were of high homology with the cDNAs that were found under the abiotic or biotic stresses in plants. These stress involved pathogen, low temperature, ultraviolet, heat shocking, salt stress, oxygen stress, and salicylic acid etc.
  • MA Xiao-Bo, WANG Fu-Rong, ZHANG Chuan-Yun, LIU Guo-Dong, GAO Jun-Ping, ZHANG Jun
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 9-13.
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     To investigate the pattern and organization of foreign gene integration in transgenic cotton, PCR and Southern blot analysis on T0 plant,and the corresponding T1 population of a transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with multiple-integration sites derived from a simple construct pPZP-GFP via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and the corresponding T1 population were carried out in this paper. The seeds harvasted from GFP47 T0 and genomic DNA isolated from T0 plants were introduced from Plant Biotechnology lab of Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore. T1 plants were planted in the greenhouse for DNA isolation and thereafter molecular analysis. PCR results showed that the T0 plant was integrated not only with normal T-DNA including target gene (gfp) and selection marker gene (nptII), but also with vector backbone fragment outside the left border of the T-DNA. Besides confirmed the PCR results, Southern blot analysis on T0 plant indicated that the T0 plant was integrated with multi-copy of T-DNA. PCR characterization on 33 T1 individuals showed that some individuals with only normal T-DNA structures were segregated from the population. Further analysis with Southern blot on these individuals with different genotype identified by PCR showed that there were, at least, 4 loci with different integration patterns in the cotton genome. The desirable transgenic event with only single copy of normal T-DNA integration could be segregated from the offsprings of this multiple-sites integration transgenic cotton.
  • ZHAO Rui-Hai, GOU Ling, HAN Chun-Li, ZHANG Wang-Feng, LEI Jun, BIAN Dong-Cai
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 14-18.
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    This article explored the variation of cotton fiber orientational parameters and its relation to fiber strength with the method of planting cotton by stages at the sites from the Yellow River Valley to north Xinjiang. The results showed that with the latitude increasing, fiber orientational parameters increased, while fiber strength decreased. With postponing sowing date, fiber orientational parameters increased and tended to largening(widening), while fiber strength decreased. There were same results after cotton cultivar breeded at north Xinjiang was planted in Nangong, Hebei Province, and cotton cultivar breeded at the Yellow River Valley was planted in Xinjiang. There was negative correlation between orientational parameters and fiber strength. The minishing(optimizing) of cotton fiber orientational parameters vailed enhancing fiber strength and the variation of orientational parameters is one of the reasons that changed fiber strength.
  • GE Hai-Yan, WANG Ye-Chun, GUO Wang-Zhen, ZHANG Tian-Zhen
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 19-22.
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    Molecular marker-assisted selection was effective to quickly breeding cultivars resistant to Verticillium wilt. In this research, the upland cotton strain Chang 96, which is resistant against Verticillium wilt, and the susceptible variety, Junmian 1, were used as experimental materials, a tagging population with 138 F2 individual plants was developed. By artificially inoculating the strongly pathogenic fungi strain to the populations P1, P2, F1, F2:3, the relative disease indexes of each generation was estimated. Using the method of the major gene plus polygene mixed genetic model analysis between major gene and multiple genes, the optimum genetic model of that combination was discovered to be C0 model, i.e., the multiple gene model among additive-dominant-epistatic genes. A total of 1998 pairs of SSR primers, and 230 pairs of SRAP primers were screened, 148 SSR and 6 SRAP polymorphism marker loci were obtained. Furthermore, by utilizing Mapmaker software, a genetic linkage map based on intraspecific F2 populations with 122 marker loci was constructed. According to the composite interval principle to scan total cotton genome by Mapmaker/QTL program, one resistance QTL was detected and localized on chromosome nine between the interval of the NAU462 and JESPR114, 13.8% phenotypic variance in F2:3 of which might be explained.
  • HAN Qiu-Cheng, ZHANG Yue-Chen, LI Cun-Dong, SUN Hong-Chun, LIU Lian-Tao
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 20-33.
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    ]Using insectresistant transgenic Bt varieties (Bacillus thuringiensis),cotton 33B and Nongdamian 6, applying plowing,rotary tillage,direct drilling as treatments,the physiological characteristics of different positions fruit branch leaves were studied. The experiments were carried out at the teaching and experiment station(Baoding,Hebei Province)of Agricultural University of Hebei, in 2005 and 2006. The result showed: 1) The content of chlorophyll and dissoluble protein of different positions fruit branch leaves reduced along a sequence of plowing > rotary tillage> direct drilling; 2) MDA reduced along a sequence of direct drilling> rotary tillage>plowing. The trends are identical in both varieties.It indicates that plowing is propitious to delay the senescence of fruit branch leaf, the senescence phenomenon of direct drilling is severest, that of rotary tillage is in the middle. Compared with 33B,the content of chlorophyll and dissoluble protein of Nongdamian 6 in middle and late phases was more than that of 33B, the content of MDA was less than that of 33B, which indicated that the capability of antisenescence of Nongdamian 6 was stronger than 33B.
  • QIU Xin-Mian, ZHANG Ren-Zhong
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 23-28.
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    Seeds of five different colored cotton varieties were treated by simulated acid rain with different pH values, then the germination energy, percentage of germination, the contents of POD, SOD and soluble sugars were tested. The results indicated that the simulated acid rain with different values influenced the germination energy and percentage of germination of the five cottons to different degrees. The germination energy of five varieties was higher than that of the controls and decreased significantly with the falling of pH values; percentage of germination also decreased with the falling of pH values but lower than that of the controls. With the falling of pH values, POD activity firstly decreased and then increased, higher than that of the controls at last; but SOD activity was firstly increased and then decreased. This showed simulated acid rain had damnified the cells of cotton seedling, the SOD activity decreased irreversibly. Soluble sugars in leaves of five different colored varieties increased a little after treated by simulated acid rain. This showed the cotton seedlings had some capability to tolerate the stress of simulated acid rain. Simulated acid rain was harmful for cotton seed germination and influenced physiological characteristics of cotton seedling.
  • WEI Jie-Ding, FEI Shu-Min, WANG Mu-Lan, YUAN Jian-Ning
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 34-38.
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    For the cotton harvesting robot, the degree of maturation and recognition of the position in space are the key technologies. S channel of the HSV model is chosen as the feature of cotton images, which may get rid of the effect of light. Based on two situations, a checking strategy of maturation of cotton without information lost is introduced. If it’s full-face, the ripe cotton can be judged by the dispersion and the area of one cotton, else it can be separated by the bigger area proportion of cotton pod and cotton piece. The barycenter of cotton can be ascertained by extracting geometry feature of the segmented cotton images. The experimental results demonstrate that the cotton can be separated easily from the background by the above proposed algorithm, which can well save the figure information.
  • MENG Zhao-Jiang, BIAN Xin-Min, LIU An-Neng, PANG Hong-Bin, WANG He-Zhou
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 39-44.
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    Under the condition of mobile rain-proof shelter, by cultivating in pots filled with soil, with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv. 99B) as material, the experiment in Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI), aimed at investigating the effects of RDI on growth and development dynamic of plants, unginned cotton yield and fiber quality, was conducted during the growing season from 2004 to 2006, seeking for the right stages of RDI and the amount of water deficit, offering theoretical basis for the establishment of RDI model in cotton. A two-factor (RDI stages and the amount of water deficit)randomized-block design was adopted in cultivating in pots. The results showed that there was an inducing effect of RDI on amount of roots of cotton distributed in deeper layer of soil. RDI was able to inhibit the excess vegetative growth and promote reproductive growth of cotton. Under appropriate amount of water deficit at some growing stages, the proportion of photosynthetic products distributed in the unginned cotton tended to increase, unginned yield was increased and some of fiber quality indices were improved. The suitable indices of RDI for water-saving and high-yield in cotton as follows: the optimum stage of regulated water deficit is seedling stage, the amount of water deficit is 50%FC (Field Capacity)~60%FC, or regulated water deficit at budding stage, the amount of water deficit is 60%FC, or regulated water deficit at boll-opening stage, the amount of water deficit is 50%FC~55%FC.
  • ZHANG Pei-Tong, XU Li-Hua, Yang-Chang-Qin, Yang-De-Yin
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 45-50.
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    The 2-year field trial about planting densities, nitrogen fertilization and chemical regulation was conducted on Kemian 3, a excellent high fiber quality cotton cultivar, to analyze the effect of cultivation approach on fiber quality of high quality cotton in Nanjing city, in 2005 and 2006. The result showed that there were significant difference of fiber quality traits among rot bolls and bolls setting in different growth stages. The rot boll ratio and boll temporal distribution were altered with cultivation approaches, thus the fiber quality was affected. The rot boll ratio of bolls setting before August 15th was increased 5 to 10 times or more with the treatments of over nitrogen fertilization and non-chemical regulation. This indicated that over nitrogen fertilization and deficient chemical regulation were key cultivation approaches to increasing rot boll ratio. The total nitrogen content of plant and different organs at later-stage had significant positive correlations with the mean rot boll ratio. So reducing the nitrogen fertilization at later-stage was in favor of decreasing the rot boll ratio. With increasing nitrogen fertilization, the boll temporal distribution was deferred; and with increasing planting density, the ratio of bolls setting from July 21th to Augustt 15th was decreased and that before July 20th and after August 25th was increased; and with increasing chemical regulation, the ratio of bolls setting in earlyand midstage was increased and that mid-and later-stage was decreased. The results suggest that to realize the purposes of improving fiber quality by means of decreasing the ratio of rot bolls and increasing that of finer fiber quality bolls, the cultivation approaches was to maintain optimal planting densities, nitrogen fertilization and chemical regulation. The strategy of nitrogen fertilization was to increase in earlystage, to maintain in mid-stage, and to reduce in later-stage, respectively; and that of chemical regulation was to increase slightly in whole grouth period, that was to reduce before flowering, maintain in flowering, and increase in budding termination.
  • TIAN Hui-Dong, XIE Bao-Yu, Zhao-Yong-Chao, GENG Xiu-Rui, JIAN Gui-Liang, YU Kai
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 51-55.
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    Fusarium wilt of cotton is a widespread and destructive disease which is caused by the fungus pathogen Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. vasindectum. As a new technique, remote sensing can play a great role in precision agriculture, such as crop production evaluation, crop growth monitor, and so on. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the probability of using remote sensing technique to distinguish healthy cotton and cotton infected by [WTBX]Fusarium[WTBZ] wilt disease based on the spectrum theory. The study was executed in the experimental field of the Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences on 10th June,2005, when the cotton plants had about 5 to 7 leaves. The cotton variety were EJing 1, which were grouped in healthy and infected. The second and the third new fully opened leaves on the top of 13 healthy cotton plants and 24 infected cotton plants were selected to measure their spectrum reflectivity, respectively. For infected plants, their leaves were classified to damaged and not damaged categories according to their appearance. This study used spectroradiometer-integrating sphere to acquire reflective spectrum data. Using this technique, the shortcomings caused by natural light and timing can be avoided. The integrating sphere used in this study is LI-COR 1800-12 external integrating sphere, and the spectroradiometer is ASD Fieldspec FR2500. Though the spectral response ranges from 350 nm to 2500 nm, limited by the properties of the light quality of integrating sphere, only the data ranges from 400 nm to 950 nm were used to analyze. All the spectrum data were sorted to class A (healthy and damaged cotton leaves) and class B (healthy and infected but not damaged cotton leaves). Because the reflective spectrum of one object is not a curve but a strip, so we can assume that if some object's reflective spectra fall into the strip of another object then they are the same object; Otherwise, they are different. According to the figure of class A and class B, we can obviously find that the healthy cotton leaves' spectrum concentrate to a thin strip, so healthy cotton leaves' spectrum strip was used as a filter to distinguish class A and class B. The classification accuracy of class A and class B was 100% and 92%, respectively. Classification accuracy was defined as the ratio of samples correctly classified to total samples. In practical application, Landsat-5 TM remote sensing images multispectral data, which have four bands among 400 nm to 900 nm are mostly used, so we translated the highspectral data to landsat-5 multispectral data by averaging the value of each band's spectral range. Also using healthy cotton leaves' spectrum strip (Landsat-5) as filter to distinguish class A and class B, the classification accuracies were 96% and 92%, respectively. The results suggest the possibility of using multispectral remote sensing for the survey of cotton disease impacts and merit further study. However, because the high quality reflective spectral data acquired from spectral-radio-integrating sphere avoided the shortcomings caused by natural light and background noise, so in practical application, it is hard to acquire the data above, and the distinguishing accuracy will be lower.
  • SHI Yu-Zhen, LIU Ai-Ying, LI Jun-Wen, WANG Shu-Fang, YUAN You-Lu
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 56-61.
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    12 F1, which combinations crossed with four G. hirsutum L. varieties (lines) and three G.Barbadense L. varieties according to incomplete diallel crossing design, were used to evaluate the heterosis and gene action of fiber quality traits of interspecific hybrid of G. hirsutum L. × G .barbadense L. in 2003 and 2004, by the genetic model of additive-dominance and their interactions with environments by MINQUE(1) approaches. The results indicated that there existed significant or extremely significant dominant effect for all main fiber traits, and extremely significant additive effect for the other four traits except micronaire, and small interactions with the environmental factors for all fiber traits. Micronaire was only controlled by dominant effect. Strength was controlled mainly by additive effect, the dominant effect was comparatively smaller. Length, uniformity and elongation were controlled by additive effects and dominant effects together, their dominant effects were higher than their corresponding additive efffects. The broad inheritance of uniformity was low and that of the other four fiber traits were very high. The results showed that dominant effect was more evident for fiber traits, except strength, of interspecific hybrid of G. hirsutum L. × G.barbadense L. than that in intraspecific hybrid of G. hirsutum L. ×G. hirsutum L. ,or that in intraspecific hybrid of G. barbadense L. ×G. barbadense L. . The population mean heterosis of length, strength, uniformity and elongation expressed significant positive value. The population mean heterosis and the better-parental heterosis of micronaire expressed significant negative value. Strength should be selected in early generations and other traits should be selected in middle or late generations, when good fiber quality traits of  G. barbadense L. was utilized by interspecific crossing.
  • SHANGGUAN-Xiao-Xia, WANG Ling-Jian, LI Yan-E, LIANG Yun-Sheng
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 62-69.
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    Cotton fiber development usually consists of four overlapping stages: fiber initiation, cell elongation, secondary cell wall formation, and maturation. Fiber length and strength are both key traits of its quality, and mainly depends on two biological processes: fiber elongation, secondary cell wall formation, respectively. Transcription factors and plant hormone play very important roles in the stage of fiber differentiation and initiation. The R2R3 MYB transcription factor GaMYB2 and WRKY transcription factors GhTTG1, GhTTG3,have been demonstrated playing significant roles in control cell fate determination. The genes encoding predicted proteins involved in auxin, brassinosteriod (BR), gibberellin acid (GA), abscisis acid (ABA) and ethylene signaling pathway are upregulated in the period of fiber cell initiation. During fiber cell elongation period,many genes that represent three majors functional groups, including:cell wall structure and biogenesis, cytoskeleton, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, show higher expression level. Plant hormones also play some regulatory roles in cotton fiber elongation. BR and ethylene can promote the fiber cell elongation in vitro culture. The initiation and rapid elongation of fiber requires the expression of sucrose synthase (SuSy), suppression of this gene represses fiber and seed development. Cellulose synthesis is a predominant event in fiber cells during in the secondary cell wall synthesis stage,cellulose synthase genes and SuSy are key regulatory and play significant role in this period. Based on the research of cotton fiber development at molecular level, improvement of fiber quality through genetic engineering has made some progress. For instance, overproducing spinach sucrose phosphate synthase to enhance fiber quality; transforming the acsA and acsB genes from Acetobacter xylinum, which are involved in cellulose synthesis, into cotton to improve the cotton fiber strength, etc. Color is also a main trait of cotton fiber and some progress has been made in produce color fiber through genetic engineering.
  • LUAN Ming-Bao, GUO Xiang-Mo, ZHANG Yong-Shan, YAO Jin-Bo, LIU Hai-Ju, CHU Li
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 70-72.
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    It is very valuable to locate specific chromosome or chromosome arms with genes for agronomic traits, Verticilium wilt and fiber quality using chromosome substitution lines. The results reViewed that the chromosome 1 from 379 can increase plant height, chromosomes 16,and 26Lo, can improve Verticillium wilt resistance, chromosomes 16,17,18,and 4, reduced boll number per plant, and chromosomes 22Lo,22Sh,16,11Sh,26Lo, can increase lint percentage. Many chromosomes can reduce boll weight. For fiber quality performance, chromosomes 14Sh and 26Lo increased fiber length, chromosomes 14Sh,15Sh increased fiber strength; chromosome 4 reduced micronaire and chromosomes 22Sh,16,22Lo, as well as 11Sh increased elongation. The results provided information in trait performance related to substituted chromosomes or chromosome arms.
  • LIU Ming-Fen, WANG Li-Ying, ZHANG Yan-Cai, LI Xi, DI Cai-Xia, LI Qiao-Yun, CHEN Li-Li
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 73-75.
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    Effects of different varieties of cotton seed pelletizing on the cold-risistance and physiological characteristics were studied in laboratory. As a result,⑴ The fresh weight of radicles and simplified vigor index improved;⑵ Contents of the soluble protein and the soluble sugar in the cotto radicles improved significantly;⑶ The MDA content and the relative electric conductivity decreased remarkablly compared with coated control. It was concluded that cotton seeds pelletizing may effectively promote the transformation of nutrient substance in cotton seeds, seedling growth and increase the coldresistance.
  • MAO Shu-Chun, LI Peng-Cheng, Han-Ying-Chun, WANG Guo-Ping, LI Ya-Bing, WANG Xiang-He
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 76-78.
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    The morphological parameters of the adult plant root system of the root-naked transplanting cotton (RNTC) was compared in the fields with the soil-cubes transplanting cotton (SCTC) and the direct seeding cotton (DSC) by observing the distribution of root system at each soil profile in layer 0~170 cm. Results showed that lateral roots of RNTC grew actinomorphicly, there about six to eigth dominant thick and strong lateral roots. Lateral roots of SCTC spread anisomerously to one side like the paw of a chicken, with about one to two or two to three dominant lateral roots. The root system of DSC was typical taproot system. The survey indicated that mean numbers of primary lateral roots of RNTC was 44 per plant, more than SCTC and DSC by 15.8% and \{37.5\}% each( F=33.24>F0.01=5.49). Mean diameter width of the primary lateral roots of RNTC was 0.31 cm, wider than SCTC and DSC by 20.5% and 88% each (F=249.01>F0.01=5.49); Mean dry weight of whole root system of RNTC was 31.9 g· plant-1, heavier than SCTC and DSC by 22.2% and 75.3% each (F=84.31>F0.01=5.49).
  • SHEN Ping, ZHANG Yong-Jun, CHEN Yang, WU Kong-Ming, PENG Yu-Fa, GUO Yu-Yuan
    Cotton Science. 2008, 20(1): 79-封三.
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    Soil samples were collected from within sixteen fields where insect-retsistant transgenic cotton encoding the cry1A gene had been grown and subsequently incorporated into soil by post-harvest tillage for multiple years. The cry1A gene sequence fragments and Bt insecticidal protein in these samples (collected after the last season tillage) were explored using PCR amplification and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, respectively. Soil total DNA could be gotten in high quality, but we could not get any PCR amplification-result of cotton internal standard gene or cry1A gene. The results from ELISA indicated that repeated agricultural using of transgenic Bt cotton expressing Cry1A insecticidal protein could persist extremely low levels of Bt protein in soil. However, the persistence of Bt protein in soil did not result in accumulation by post-harvest tillage in multiple seasons.